Central nerve cell and its role and its accompanying symptoms

Unit construction of the nervous system in the neuron (nerve cell) Neuron, and the nervous system in humans consists of two basic types of cells, are the glacial cells and neurons Glacial Cells Neurons. And neuron consists of a body Cell Body and the focus of Axon, and the cell body containing the nucleus of the cell and protrudes from the surface Snatch or ramifications of the outside have to do in the reception or transmission of electrical signals, and receives body of the neuron's electrical signals (nerve) from other neurons through the dendrite Dendrites of the body of neuron another or from one axis neuron another by clips Synapses, and synapse is a space at the confluence of branch neuron or axis of neuron with a body cell neuron another for the transfer of electrical signals through chemicals called neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters and are numerous and which Horsetail Colin Oxyacetylene and adrenaline and noradrenaline Adrenaline Noradrenaline. Axon neuron axis is a stretch out of the cell body and transmits electrical signals from the neuron. And Axis envelope from abroad plates myelitis  Myelitis Sheaths and is an insulating material of the axis and are necessary for the transfer of electrical signals which, in the central nervous system a few glacial cells dendrite Dendrochronology is responsible for the production of myelitis, whereas in the peripheral nervous system cells are Schwinn Schwinn Cells It is responsible for the production of myelitis . In the nervous system collects the bodies of neurons in the totals, and these totals in the central nervous system called the Nucleus kernel or Ganglion knots, while in the peripheral nervous system are called these totals, contract (a single "node") Ganglion. Axes as well as the neurons are clustered together to be nerves Nerves, nerves and divided in terms of location of the node into two types: 1. nerves before the node Pres-Ganglionic Nerves. 2. nerves after node Post-Ganglionic Nerves. In the nervous system, nerves (neurons objects axes) before the node is intertwined with the bodies of neurons that nerves from which the post-node through clamps in the contract for the transfer of signals to say Alternator .Cunningham likened decade or train stations where transfer cargo (electric nerve signals) from train the last to be delivered in the end desired by. Glacial cells Glacial Cells are support cells for neurons in the nervous system and is not involved in the transmission of nerve signals (electrical). And the number of glacial cells almost ten times the number of neurons in the nervous system, but as glacial cell size is equal to one tenth the size of the neuron understanding incumbents same space (mass) in the nervous system. Naming glacial cells derived from the Latin word "Gallic"  which means previously glutinous or glue or gum and so popular belief that the core business is the link between neurons (such as cement in construction). There are four types of glacial cells, are: 1) glacial cells, erythrocytes glacial erythrocytes glacial cells is the largest in size, and called Baled Jemimah ramifications of the large number of high-profile outside of the cell Khaki Star Astor. The ramifications of erythrocytes link between neurons and blood vessels to transport food to them. And have the ability to convert glucose to lactate Glucose Lactate easier commonly used for energy production in neurons. Erythrocytes also have the ability to convert glucose into glycogen for Glycogen storage and use when you need to extend the power of neurons in cases of falling blood sugar level. Erythrocytes contribute to the removal of excess electric charges in the liquid outside neurons to maintain the Ionian Ocean (electric) appropriate to the work of neurons to the fullest in the transmission of nerve signals. And her role with micrograms in stimulating the secretion of substances for the growth of neurons after damage (Thalami- after stroke - Stroke). 2) Low glacial cells dendrite (dendrites) Dendrochronology: these cells are working on the composition of the insulating layer surrounding neurons in the central nervous system Central Nervous System, and plates, called myelitis  Sheaths, of course, these plates (insulating layers) isolates the electrical charge (neural signals) that travels in nerves from each other until the shipment does not affect the other shipment, and therefore the meaning of the brain for these shipments, which translates into actions and reactions. A few glacial cells dendrite does not surround themselves around neurons, and it emits and the ramifications of this are the ramifications that wraps around neurons and be insulating layers. neuron_cans.jag ) Micrograms Micrograms: Glacial cells are smaller in size, it is working Milkmaid damaged and dead in the nervous system cells. There is evidence that it is also responsible for renewal of damaged cells and helps to guide the growth of neurons (neurons and determine through the ramifications) growth. 4) Schwinn cells Schwinn Cells: Glacial cells are the counterpart few dendrite in the peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System, responsible for the formation and the insulating layer (myelitis sheets) of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. These cells are mainly made up of grease Lipids and you give described buffer electric charge. Schwinn cells help speed the transmission of nerve signals (electrical charge) in neurons, as well as her role in the growth of neurons after damage. Schwinn cells surround themselves fully informed about other than a few glacial neuron dendrite cells in the central nervous system Glacial cells work boils down to the following: working as a pillar and support neurons. It insulates electric charge between neurons and between the clamps. Act as a vector for food neurons. Working Milkmaid damaged and dead cells, and secrete substances stimulating the growth of neurons. Maintain the ionic composition (electric) Ionic Composition of the fluids outside neurons Extra Cellular Fluids. Central nervous system Central nervous system consists of the brain in the human Brain and spinal cord or spinal cord Spinal Cord. And the brain consists of: 1) brain Cerebrum. 2) the brain stem Brainstorm, which includes the brain and the bridge East Birdbrain Eons and rectangle spinal Medulla Obligation. 3) the cerebellum Cerebellum. brain.jag Brain antibodies neurons are concentrated in the outer layer (the cerebral cortex) Cerebral Cortex and have color gray and this is called the gray matter Grey Matter and neurons axes found at home and be in color white and this is called white matter White Matter, and in the white matter there are gatherings objects neurons and these gatherings called the nucleus Nucleus or Ganglion knots. Spinal cord in the opposite white matter (neurons axes) abroad and gray matter (neuron bodies) on the inside. Longitudinal fissure divides the medial (inner) Medial Longitudinal Fissure brain into two halves is completely separate from each other, and are the right cerebral hemisphere Right Cerebral Hemisphere and the left cerebral hemisphere Left Cerebral Hemisphere. And the right half of the ball controls the left side of the body and vice versa left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and one of them be the dominant cerebral hemisphere Dominant Cerebral Hemisphere, People who use the right hand is the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant and they have people who use the left hand have the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant Andaman.o including that most people are using the right hand often be left cerebral hemisphere is dominant. Wrinkle gray matter in the brain in the form of convolutions Geri and single convolution Gyros, and this is to increase the brain's surface area and between Kalevala there are cracks and the cracks have names and important to know the different gyro of the brain and will remind Kalevala and cracks task of them and their functions. And divided each of the hemisphere cerebral in the outer surface to the four (4) lobes, and two: the frontal lobe Frontal Lobe, and is responsible for controlling emotions and emotions in the human and his character, and also important to learn and practice the sensory motor skills complex, People who have damage to this lobe can not afford social attitudes and how to properly dispose of these positions and not in control of his emotions Aftermath sometimes laugh and sometimes cry and anything that comes to mind they are doing, without assessment of whether an appropriate response in this situation or not. Inferior frontal gurus as well as contain in the back than in the hemisphere cerebral control of the Brocades Brock area's Area and is responsible for speaking and damage the region leads to aphasia Kinetic Motor Aphasia where the infected person knows what he wants to say, but he can not speak or be his words slow and incomprehensible in spite of the absence of paralysis in the muscles of the tongue and throat (ENT). Cyrus in front of the central prong Central Cyrus and the wall of the central prong Central Calculus front containing motor cortex Motor Cortex responsible for voluntary muscle movement in the opposite side of the body, any motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for the movement of the muscles of the left side of the body and vice verso motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for the movement of the muscles of the right side of the body, and damage to this area leads to paralysis in the opposite side of the body. In the motor cortex of the body are represented upside down, that is, the bottom of the motor cortex controls the tongue and throat and then the face and so on and be in the top muscles foot control area. Parietal lobe Parietal Lobe and contains a central gyros behind Centralist Cyrus and this gyros with the back wall of the central claw contain sensory cortex Sensory Cortex responsible for sensation in the opposite side of the Small.o damage to this region leads to loss of sensation in the opposite side of the body and be members of the body upside down as it is represented in the motor cortex. Temporal Lobe temporal lobe and temporal gyros upper Superior Temporal Gurus has a hearing areas and also contains a marginal Cyrus epitaxial Submarginal Gyros and the angular gyros Marginal Gurus and two contain memory own words read and written and damage to this area leads to dyslexia (difficulty reading and learned) Dyslexia. Occipital lobe Occipital Lobe, is located in the back of the brain and has a vision center and the region damage leads to blindness. left_hemisphere.jag As mentioned previously, the cerebral hemispheres are not separated from completely each other, we can say that they have been separated from each other at the top, in the inner surface relate with each other by the corpus callous Corpus Callous and is a nerve fibers (neurons axes) reached between similar areas in halves the brain. And it will be ungulate gyros Ungulate Gurus and is part of the limb system and Limb device that controls emotions and sensations in humans. Under the corpus callous is the lateral ventricle (lateral) Lateral Ventricle, and there Bettina, one right and another left and connects each ventricle Third Third Ventricle by foreman center (between) the ventricles Ventricular Foreman or foreman of Monro Formalin of Munro and related third ventricle ventricle Fourth Fourth Ventricle, which is located in the brain stem by liquefied Vilnius Aqueduct of Sylvia which crosses through the brain East. And then connects the fourth ventricle Central canal Central Canal in the spinal cord and these four ventricles and the central channel contains the cerebrospinal fluid (or CSF) CerebroSpinal Fluid. brain_lateral.jpg Drawing of the internal surface of the brain, the Green Zone is an extension of the motor cortex and yellow stretch of the sensory cortex, the region Baltrquaz is the vision center in the occipital lobe and the red zone is the exact vision center. Midbrain and bridge Pons Midbrain and spinal rectangle Medulla Oblongata are brain stem Brainstem. And the brain is located East over the bridge and the bridge over the rectangle bone and which is connected to the spinal cord and the cerebellum Cerebellum is located behind them, and the cerebellum connects the trunk of the brain by cerebellar peduncle Superior Cerebellar Peduncle upper and lower cerebellar peduncle Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle. There in the brain East rose visual reaction centers, for example, when your hands touch something or you notice something and you want to see or Taatvhs closely you pay attention and focus your gaze toward him or the closer you and so on. And midbrain also contains a Rose auditory reaction centers, for example, you hear a beep what Vtlf towards the sound source to see what it is. East and the brain contains a nucleus of cranial nerves and the third quarter and the fifth. ventricles.jpg The bridge has a nucleus of cranial nerves fifth and sixth and seventh and eighth as well, and the rectangle contains the spinal nucleus of cranial nerves IX and X and atheist tenth and twelfth. And cranial nerves Cranial Nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System and will remind them of their names in sequential order and function: olfactory nerve Olfactory Nerve responsible for the sense of smell in humans. Optic Nerve optic nerve responsible for vision in humans. Locomotion nerve Locomotion Nerve and feeds the external eye muscles responsible for the whole eye movement except rectos muscle brutality and superior oblique muscle. And it carries with nerve fibers and friendly Sympathetic Fibers responsible for Rose eye reaction to light (reflected photosensitive) Light reflex, as well as adapt Accommodation Reflex reflex example, adjust the eye to read closely. Barri nerve Cochlear Nerve, feeds the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Germinal nerve Germinal Nerve, sensory nerve of the face (sense) and the scalp, as well as carrying a kinetic fiber to chewing muscles. Nerve exiled Abductions Nerve and feeds straight brutality of the eye muscle. Facial nerve Facial Nerve, and feeds the surface of the face muscles (muscles of expression, such as smiling and frowning) and carries sensory pain fibers and the heat of the ear, as well as fiber sensory tasting in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and parasympathetic fibers Parasympathetic Fibers of the salivary glands. Vestibular cochlear nerve Vestibular Nerve, nerve responsible for hearing and balance in humans. Pharyngeal nerve Pharyngeal Nerve, carries sensory fibers from the last third of the tongue and the valleys of the salivary glands of fibers and fiber mobility of the muscles of the pharynx. Vague nerve Vague Nerve and holds the valleys Parasympathetic Fibers Fibers for members of a-Sadr and the digestive system and the heart, for example to stimulate the vague nerve reduces the heart rate and increases the bowel movement. And also it holds the kinetics of fiber to the throat muscles and pharynx and larynx. Additional nerve Accessory Nerve and nourishes the throat muscles and pharynx with the vague nerve and a branch of it feeds the involuntary muscles in the neck. Hypoglycemia nerve Hypoglycemia Nerve and is the motor nerve of the tongue which feeds the muscles of the tongue. Cranial_nerves.jag Illustration of the bottom surface of the brain shows the cranial nerve and its connection with the brain, and are described by their serial numbers. Cerebellum regulates muscle movements to be harmonious and well balanced in humans, where it is responsible for the sense of the development of the body in space, if the person damage in the cerebellum, it sways while walking and can not walk in a straight path, as well as shaking hands when he wants to pick something , as well as his words be slow and unclear and improvisatory. Spinal cord Spinal Cord begins after the medulla obligation and extends to the bottom of the channel in vertebrate Vertebral Canal in backbone Vertebral Column to the second lumbar vertebra and then end up in the form of caudal Quintina Caudal Equine. And the gray matter of the spinal cord in the form of letter H and the front arm called anterior horn Anterior Horn and back posterior horn Posterior Horn and Horn on the lateral side (lateral) Lateral Horn and gray matter consists of the bodies of neurons, and anterior horn arises from motor root Motor Root and from motor nerves of voluntary muscles, and sensory posterior horn and intervention from different members of the body posterior horn sensory nerves through the sensory root Sensory Root and the central channel in the middle of the gray matter take place. White matter, which is made up of neurons axes surround the article gray in the spinal cord and is a rising nervous fibers, such as spinal way cerebellar Cerebellar Tract, which carries sensory information and the status of the cerebellum until the person can balance and modification status, and another clinical spinal way Example Hypothalami Tract and which carries the thermal sensation of the bed (or mulch) Thalamus in the brain until the body unable to regulate temperature. And descending corticosteroid nerve fibers, such as spinal Corticosteroid Tract way and which carries the commands from the motor cortex to the anterior horn of it and the motor nerves by motor root so that the body movement required of it depending on the situation. spinal_cord_section.jag Motor nerves of the spinal cord go out in pairs, no one from the right and another from the left of the front of the spinal cord, and enter sensory nerves as well as in both sides of the spinal cord from the back and one from the right and the other from the left, any pair activist and a pair of voluptuous. And this is the case on the spinal cord along the feeds until all members of the body and also convey such information to the brain. And areas where the nerves come out of the spinal cord called the spinal areas (medulla) Spinal Segments, these areas are called by paragraph in the backbone area and there are 31 forklift divided as follows: 8 cervical regions (in the neck) Cervical Segments (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8). 12 Thoracic Segments thoracic area (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12). 5 Lumbar Segments cotton regions (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5). 5 sacral areas Sacral Segments (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5). 1 Asama Coccyges Segment area. And these numbers are the same number of spinal nerves (spinal) Spinal Nerves that arise from the spinal cord and carry the same designation the region they come from, for example, the first thoracic spinal nerve T1 Spinal Nerve arises from the first thoracic spinal region T1 Spinal Segment. Spinal_cord_segments.jag The chart showing the medulla Autumnal (spinal), as well as spinal nerves that arise from them. Envelops the central nervous system and is 3 membranes from the inside out: 1) Pia mater Pia Matter. 2) Wide mother Arachnoid Matter. 3) Duran mater Dara Matter. PNS Peripheral nervous system consists of: 1) peripheral motor nerves Peripheral Motor Nerves and which arise from the spinal cord and nourish the voluntary muscles in the body. 2) peripheral sensory nerves Peripheral Sensory Nerves that carry sensation and all kinds of pain and touch and pressure and temperature and the deep feelings and a sense of Baroda of the brain through the spinal cord. 3) cranial nerves Cranial Nerves and may we have mentioned previously. 4) the autonomic nervous system Autonomous Nervous System, which feeds involuntary muscles such as the heart muscle and the lungs and digestive system, as well as endocrine and blood vessels f wall consists of the sympathetic nervous system Sympathetic Nervous System and parasympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic Nervous System. The sympathetic nervous system arises from the lateral horn of the spinal cord, and fiber pee-Friendly node Ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers graduated beginning of the piece medulla pectoral first T1 to the second piece medulla cotton L2, and after they leave be held on both sides of the backbone and the series of nodes called chain Sympathetic Chain and friendly of this series fibers arise after the friendly node Ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers that feed the entire body fibers sympathetic nervous system. And there are usually 11 knots waistcoat Thoracic Ganglion and 4 cotton Lumbar Ganglion and 4 sacral Sacral Ganglion in each of the two strings in the neck and there are 3 contract and friendly. And a perfect example of the work of the friendly device is the case, felt by human in the face of danger, for example, coincidence lion in the jungle, accelerating your heart and can accommodate pupil eye and hair stand your body and expands the airways and blood vessels in the muscles and feel that you can precede Running horse and tightened blood vessels in the skin VHS cold and sweating increases and shrink the urinary bladder valve, and the sympathetic nervous system fibers arise from the lateral horn of the spinal cord. The work of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to reduce the heart rate and increase the secretion of salivary glands and increase bowel movement and expansion of blood vessels in the skin sag and the urinary bladder and valve stenos iris and eyes move to the inside (of the clarity of near vision). And fibers arise from this device second sacral spinal cord cutting Sacral Segments and the third and fourth of the spinal cord (S2, S3, S4) and also be mounted in the third cranial nerve and the seventh and the ninth and tenth (see cranial nerves at the top). Basic anatomical component of the nervous system is the nerve cell, which is made up of body and Hallstatt branched from him, and called the neuron neuron name, arise from the cell body elongation cylindrical axial direction with specific so-called axon axon name. The short, dentifrice branching are moving to different areas, and called the dendrite dendrites name. And support cells known as neurons as the whole nervous glutinous neurological, and is working to support and isolate neurons and nutrition. Batch nerve nervous impulse going inside the neuron from the dendrite to the cell body, and ultimately into the axon; and the movement of nerve axons installment away from the cell body. Alarm is transmitted from one neuron to another by a specialized structure called the synapse synapse. Nervous topography is divided into two sentences: Central central and peripheral peripheral, and there is a functional section called Wholesale independent neurological R (or self). Central nervous system of the brain and spinal cord, which Atkinson articles of poliomyelitis and white composed, and include wholesale peripheral rest of the other components, which are the roots of the nerves and the contract and braids and nerves, peripheral nerve endings. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord membranes called meninges, and contains the brain called ventricles Navajo ventricles. The Hollows contain braids chronic choroid plexuses, which consists of many blood vessels surrounded by cells lining the walls of the ventricles, and secrete cerebration fluid cerebration fluid that fills the ventricles and out of one of them (of the fourth ventricle roof), to Energy in the space of meningitis is the space under the arachnoid, Faith the brain and spinal cord [t. Meninges (Anatomy)]. The arteries supplying the brain believes his oxygen supply was plentiful and Lakota, and receives about 15% of the product of the heart. Brain (Figure 2) central nervous system Figure 3 the central nervous system Brain Encephalopathy brain accounts for about 1/50 of the body weight, and is located within the interracial cavity. In brain sections: brain cerebrum, brainstorm and brain stem which is divided into birdbrain birdbrain and peons and spinal bridge prolonged medulla obligation (any bulb Ashia), and the cerebellum. Brain: called the brain's name on the section of the brain is located within the interracial above the cerebellum and the brain stem, is divided mediated deep incision called a notch cerebral longitudinal longitudinal cerebral fissure into two halves cerebral ball right-handed and left Includes each Brina brutal (sideways), and is associated with half the ball in depth each other mediated a mass of white substance (nerve fibers), called the body callous corpus callous, and separating the hemispheres along the Duran mater of the brain called sickle flax cerebra, and even extends into the rear hull callous. Surface section consists of the brain from the bodies of nerve cells, any of poliomyelitis material, form the cerebral cortex cerebral cortex, the deeper layers are composed of nerve fibers, any of the white material. Showing the folds of the brain cortex and many folds, called the phenomenon areas of folds gyro gyro, and separating the grooves gyro or Dulci cracks fissures, and increase the gyro of the surface area of ​​the region of the brain increased significantly. Figure 4 lobes of the brain and Othella Divides the deep grooves each hemisphere cerebral to lobes take bones cranial Blindfolded have names, which lobes president following: frontal frontal, and parietal parietal, and temporal temporal, and occipital occipital, and called the grooves between the lobes of the central groove central calculus, brutal and groove (lateral) lateral calculus, parietal and occipital notch Pareto- occipital calculus. The core of the brain consists of white substance formed by nerve fibers or ways of linking the lobes, and nerve fibers coming from the cortex to the lower nerve centers in the wholesale or incoming to the crust of these centers. Most of the fibers of the brain and pass him contained in the mission area located between the basal nuclei basal ganglia and the thalamus known as internal portfolio internal capsule. TNT pulp task within blocks of poliomyelitis material include basal nuclei and thalamus and hypothalamus hypothalamus. Brain functions: There are three forms of the events associated with the cerebral cortex: Events on the mental memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, and thinking, trial, and ethical behavior. Receiving sensory overall sensations of pain, heat, touch, sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Move the skeletal muscle, any voluntary. Some brain regions specialize Tybalt sensory and motor efficiency voluntary, but that is unlikely to be confined to the work of any area in one post. These are called specialized areas courtyards areas name, and the most important functional patios are: Figure 5 functional patios in the brain Bahia motor: motor area this courtyard is located in the frontal lobe, and frontal gurus rookie directly in front of the central groove, and neurons this is responsible for the launch of contraction skeletal muscle orders courtyard, and down axons of these neurons to the brain stem, and here either that these fibers are clashing with the nuclei of nerves cranial in the brain stem in the two sides approved the return, or they reflect in the bottom of the bulb to the opposite side and then descend in the spinal cord, and manufactures fiber clamps with a second neuron Lida ends, any Peshawar, the plate motor terminal muscle fiber in the appropriate level of the spinal cord. This means that the motor area of ​​the right hemisphere controls voluntary muscle movement in the left side of the body, and vice avers. Neuron that his body is located in the brain is a motor neuron upper upper motor neuron and other neuron cell which is located his body in the trunk of the brain or spinal cord is the lower motor neuron, and the resulting damage to any of the Alanine paralysis. In the motor area of ​​the brain's representation of the body from the top to the bottom, cells closest to the summit controls feet, while based cells in the lower section controls the head and neck, and be patios cortical actress of the sections of the hull different space commensurate with the complexity of the movement of the department concerned from the body, not with its size , that is, hand, foot, tongue and lips actress courtyards crusty wide compared to what represents the trunk. The courtyard in front of the motor promoter area: located in front of the patio motor directly, and is believed to control the motor area, when writing or lace, for example, is shrinking group of muscles, and requires unison movements and implemented according to a specific frequency enters the skill contained in this yard range, and section bottom of this patio specializes in speech and is known as the courtyard of the speech motor motor speech area, which is dominant in the left hemisphere Mammalian, and contrast when hardship. Bahia frontal: This stretch of the courtyard patio in front of the motor previous to the rest of the frontal lobe, a large area, and with a remarkable development in humans compared with animals, and this is responsible for the patio and personal behavior and emotional state. Bahia sensory sensory area: located in the parietal gyros behind the central groove. And are here to receive a sense of pain and temperature, pressure and touch and know the articular and the status of joint movement, and receive patio sensory half right ball payments from the left side of the body, and vice verse, and the proportion represented different regions of the sections of the body size with importance innervating the sensory, the region represented, for example, the face of a large area in a manner agreed rich sensory innervation of the face. Figure 6 Figure A shows this method of body representation in the motor area of ​​the brain, with the way the body representation in the sensory courtyard in the brain. Patio wall: located behind the courtyard, located in the sensory gyros behind Central, and include a significant portion of the parietal lobe cortex, and are believed to be involved in knowledge tactile minute objects and store this knowledge. The courtyard of the sensory speech: Located in the lower section of the parietal lobe, and extends within the temporal lobe, and are here to receive audible speech, and Bahia be dominant in the left hemisphere Mammalian, while the contrast when hardship. Bahia audio: auditory area located in the temporal lobe directly under the lateral groove (lateral), and the cells receive payments borne Section cochlear (auditory) nerve of the vestibular cochlear, and interpreted. Bahia olfactory olfactory (smell) area: are located deep in the temporal lobe, and receive payments nerve hyphenation of the nose through the olfactory nerve, and interpreted. Bahia gustatory taste area: believed to be located directly above the lateral groove under the lower section of the sensory courtyard, and receive payments from nerve endings, especially in the taste buds of linguistic and buccaneer and palatal and pharyngeal. Bahia visual: visual area located in the occipital lobe, parietal occipital notch behind, on both sides of the so-called special furrow groove calcimine, optic nerve stems from each eye and fibers up this patio that receive nerve impulses and interpret visual Kawabata first. Basal nuclei are located deep within the brain halves of football, it is linked functionally crust, and is believed to be involved in muscular tension in slow and coordinated control events. Hypothalamus is located on both sides of the third ventricle, located in the Medline, a station on the roads senses redistribute these senses to the brain cortex. Hypothalamus is the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and above the pituitary gland directly. It is connected to the pituitary gland nerves and vessels make it controls the hormones released from the gland, and include other functions controlled by the hypothalamus wholesale independent neurological control, and appetite and satiety, thirst and the balance of water, and the heat of the body, and interactions emotional, such as pleasure and fear and anger, sexual behavior and child-rearing, and times of vital such as the sleep-wake cycle, and the secretion of certain hormones. Control cerebral: it is acceptable that there is control of one of the cerebral hemispheres on the other half in a manner controlled by the right person left hemisphere and the right hemisphere when Albertan, but this concept is left is his place to the concept of protrusion and certain functions or activities in a halves; This is in addition to that, if it was a direct function halves what the completion of this function requires the work of the two halves together, if the hemisphere responsible «what we are saying» the right half is responsible for «the way we talk». Overall the Manorial, left hemisphere deals with analytical information while the right hemisphere specializes in the overall processing of information. The right hemisphere is responsible for the realization forms and the situation in space, and then to recognize the body scheme, and works rather a standard way logician and associative correlative, and mean what is tangible, and participate in the passion and attention, while the left hemisphere is responsible for abstraction and coding and logic, that is, responsible for knowledge and expression, and works analytical manner, and is directed towards action and initiative. To say that the left hemisphere prevails in mathematics was possible while the right half prevail in the art of painting, sculpture and music. Brainstorm: Contains birdbrain and the bridge and spinal ridge (ire onion Ashia). Birdbrain: Is the area of ​​the brain and between the brain located at the top and the bridge at the bottom, and is composed of nerve fibers connecting the brain trunk of the brain and spinal cord, and the nuclei of some cranial nerves. Bridge: is the area of ​​the brain and the brain is under the average and above the bone ridge (onion Ashia), its structure similar to the structure of the birdbrain. Spinal ridge (onion Ashia): extends the bone ridge (onion Ashia) from the bridge above it to communicate with the spinal cord at the bottom. And a length of about 5.2 cm, and is located within the interracial directly. The functions of the brain stem: Includes the brain stem in addition to fiber hyphen between the brain and spinal cord, cranial nerves packages nuclei, and nuclei less regularly, and some sensory nuclei constitute connected to sensory fibers outgoing from the spinal cord to the brain stops. Characterized in cores linked reflexes cells effectively independent groups (self), and known as the vital centers vital centers. These centers are: Cardiovascular Center vascular cardiovascular center: controls the cardiac contraction and strength systems. Independent self-nerve fibers go from the spinal ridge (onion) to the heart, and the sympathetic alarm works to increase the heartbeat rate and strength. Fiber counterpart friendly go directly to the heart, and works alarm interscholastic heart to slow down and weaken the strength of the pulse R. Independent nerve (sentence)]. Respiratory center respiratory center: controls the rate of breathing and depth, nerve impulses from this center go to the schizophrenic nerves intercontinental nerve that incite shrinking veil and intercontinental muscles are the inspiration, alert the respiratory center-mediated carbon dioxide rise and lack of oxygen in the blood, and mediated by nerve impulses from the chemical receptors located in intervocalic. Center Engine vessels vasomotor center: controls blood vessel diameter, especially small arteries and arterioles in the walls that contain a large percentage of smooth muscle fibers, and can alert to happen Tedda or expansion of the blood vessels depending on the location of blood. Alert Center sources engine vessels are arterial pressure and body temperature receptors, sexual thrill and emotions and anger, causing pain and usually Tedda Aglaia, but intense pain and expansion Aglaia and downs may occur in blood pressure and fainting. Reflexes centers reflex centers: When you enter the irritating substances in the stomach or respiratory tract nerve payments go to the bone ridge (onion), then it is notified reflexes which launches the reflectivity of vomiting, coughing and sneezing acts in order to expel the irritant centers. Cerebellum Cerebellum cerebellum is located in the interracial cavity behind the bridge, under the rear section of the brain. Oval shape, and consists of two halves separated by a narrow football Massif called worm vermin, and the surface of the cerebellum consists of poliomyelitis crust, and its core is composed of some white material surrounding the cerebellar nuclei. The functions of the cerebellum: I mean, the cerebellum voluntary muscle movement and postural position and balance format. And not subject to effective cerebellar volitional control, the cerebellum controls a different set of movements and coordinated by a guarantor so smooth completion and accuracy. It coordinates between the actors involved to maintain the balance of the body, and are given sensory information related to these functions of muscles and joints, ears and eyes, and show physical payments receiving proprioceptive impulses from muscles and joints on the status of these muscles and joints for the whole body; and provide channels semicircular in the ears Information on the status of the head in a vacuum. Payments issued by the cerebellum in reduced structural muscle affect about where to maintain balance and posture. Damage to the cerebellum leads to muscular movement clumsy and inconsistent, and faltering gait, and the inability to do steady and precise movements. Spinal cord Spinal cord spinal cord (medulla spinal) section of the central nervous elongated, semi-cylindrical, hanging in the spinal tunnel and surrounded Balkhash and cerebration fluid, and continues at the top with the bone ridge (onion Ashia), and extends from the upper edge of the cervical vertebra First, any atlas atlas to the bottom edge of the second lumbar vertebra, a length of the man of about 45 cm and a diameter of about Qatar pinky. When the need for a sample of the cerebration fluid, the fluid-mediated pulls a needle inserted in a point below the lower end of the spinal cord, that is below the level of the second lumbar vertebra, and this procedure is called a lumbar puncture lumbar puncture. Spinal cord clip objector shows that this bone is composed of white material in the ocean and material poliomyelitis in the center. White matter: organized white matter in the spinal cord in three columns columns front and rear and brutal, in every aspect. These columns consist of ways of sensory nerve fibers ascending to the brain, and motor nerve fibers descending from the brain, neurons and fibers Association. Often called the proportion of ways to arise and end zones, for example, spinal hypothalamus way, and the way the cortical spinal. Common sources borne ways emerging sensory nerve (contained) in the spinal cord: There are two main sources of sense transferred to the brain mediated by the spinal cord: Figure 7 shows a sensory nerve roads of the skin. A skin receptors: cutaneous receptors which are nerve endings sensory mindful of the pain, heat, cold, touch, including pressure, and transmitted nerve impulses generated by three neurons to sensory courtyard in the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side, and happen to cross to the other side, any dessication , in spinal cord or spinal level ridge (onion Ashia). B receptors expropriation: proprioceptive that are sensory nerve endings in the tendons, muscles and joints mindful mediated tensile, and collaborating with co-payments from the eyes and ears in maintaining balance and posture and perceive the body site in a vacuum. How nerve calamity (issued) in the spinal cord: neurons that carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord, and ultimately into the skeletal muscle and smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands are monseigneur (issued or descending). Motor roads outgoing of the brain is composed to the muscles of Boniness activists upper and lower, and most important of these ways the way the cortical spinal, also known as hierarchical way, and is motor neuron body top in the cerebral cortex, and exhibits Peshawar with hierarchical way passing the brain stem before reaching the spinal cord to grapple with cellular objects to the lower motor neurons. Body motor neuron bottom is located in the anterior horn of the material retrovirus in the spinal cord, and pops Peshawar of the spinal cord through the front root spinal nerve, which joins the rear root sensory nerve to form a spinal nerve mixed, and branched axon near completion in the muscle to very small branches form platelet motor terminal motor-end plates. Gray matter:-like regularity grey matter gray matter in the spinal cord gray matter H. shape perforated in its central channel, which is a continuation of the fourth ventricle (which is the inner cavities of the brain), and classifies cellular objects in the gray matter is classified in three varieties are symbols : sensory cells are located in the rear column receive payments from the members of the body, and monseigneur lower payments to the movement of skeletal muscle, and neurons connector neurons Association up between sensory and motor neurons. Section in Figure 8 shows the spinal cord nerve roots in the one-sided Spinal reflexes: these reflexes consists of three elements: the sensory neurons, and the neurons in the spinal cord Association, and the lower motor neurons. And act reflex reflex reaction Instant kinetics in response to an alert sensuous, and can for a lot of neurons Association and kinetic be aware mediated batches of a small area of ​​the skin, for example, pain payments resulting from a very hot surface of the finger tentacle to the spinal cord through the sensory nerves passed, and alert these payments Malcolm Association of many neurons and lower monseigneur in the spinal cord, leading to many structural contraction of the muscles in the hand and upper arm, shoulder and leading to the withdrawal of the finger, and the aim of this is to provide protection reflexes and get away from the source of harm. In reflexes tensile, as in the reflected patellae, any jerk knee knee jerk, there is no neuron link, but Astra in the reflected only Boniness: Sensual, and lower motor; When knocks patellae tendon hammer reflexes gets tightening in the gut and in the muscle in question, which generates nervous impulse go to the spinal cord, to reach the cell body of the motor neuron bottom object in the front side squirrel in the corresponding column. Resulting in the sudden contraction of the thigh muscle in question (square muscle heads), and «kick» foot towards the front. Cranial nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the nuclei located in the brain and brain stem, some sensory and some are mixed. They leave the interracial cavity through holes exist in interracial base. Nerve roots spinal: every nerve spindle of the spinal cord Hildebrand arises: Front activist, and rear voluptuous, consists front root of the nerve anterior nerve root of the kinetics nerve fibers are the axons of nerve cells located at the front of the column of material gray, and added to in the two regions bra and cotton fibers nervous